Abstract
Globally, the trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) are among the most widely distributed mycotoxins that contaminate small grain cereals. In this study, a bacterial consortium, PGC-3, with de-epoxydation activity was isolated from soil by an in situ soil enrichment method. Screening of 14 soil samples that were sprayed with DON revealed that 4 samples were able to biotransform DON into de-epoxydized DON (dE-DON). Among these, the PGC-3 consortium showed the highest and most stable activity to biotransform DON into dE-DON and NIV into dE-NIV. PGC-3 exhibited de-epoxydation activity at a wide range of pH (5–10) and temperatures (20–37 °C) values under aerobic conditions. Sequential subculturing with a continued exposure to DON substantially reduced the microbial population diversity of this consortium. Analyses of the 16S rDNA sequences indicated that PGC-3 comprised 10 bacterial genera. Among these, one species, Desulfitobacterium, showed a steady increase in relative abundance, from 0.03% to 1.55% (a 52-fold increase), as higher concentrations of DON were used in the subculture media, from 0 to 500 μg/mL. This study establishes the foundation to further develop bioactive agents that can detoxify trichothecene mycotoxins in cereals and enables for the characterization of detoxifying genes and their regulation.
Highlights
The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (3α,7α,15-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec9-en-8-one, “DON”), known as vomitoxin, is a secondary metabolite produced by many species of the genus Fusarium during the infection of wheat and other small grain cereals [1,2,3,4,5,6]
We describe PGC-3, a bacterial consortium with strong de-epoxydation activity on trichothecene mycotoxins under aerobic conditions, and this consortium may have an exceptional potential for developing bioactive agents to control trichothecene mycotoxins
The results showed that one bacterial subculture had high activity that could stably degrade DON; this culture was designated as PGC-3
Summary
The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (3α,7α,15-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec9-en-8-one, “DON”), known as vomitoxin, is a secondary metabolite produced by many species of the genus Fusarium during the infection of wheat and other small grain cereals [1,2,3,4,5,6]. DON accumulation in infected kernels renders such products unsuitable for consumption due to serious health and reproduction risks for human and farm animals [10,11,12]. Ingestion of DON-contaminated feed can elicit anorexia, vomiting, low feed conversion rates, growth retardation, and immunosuppression in animals [13,14,15]. DON has been suggested to act as a virulence factor in infection process of Fusarium species [16,17,18]. Effective methods to control DON contamination are urgently needed
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