Abstract
Air navigation has evolved over the last hundred years from an art into a mature science. Airplane accidents due to navigational errors are practically nonexistent. In large measure this advance has been due to radio aids to navigation which operate under all weather conditions. However in remote areas and in hostile airspaces, the radio aids may not be available and a fully self contained navigational device is required. Navigation by stars (celestial navigation) is feasible under such conditions. But the inertial navigation system (INS) is the preferred choice. In recent times, a navigational instrument based on radio communication with specially designed satellites in low Earth orbits called the global positioning system (GPS) has become popular. This article deals with the principles of these various methods of air navigation.
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