Abstract
Hexaploid triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack, 2n = 6x = 42 chromosomes, AABBRR) is a cultivated hybrid, which combines wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) properties. It has a better ability to be grown on poor soils, compared to wheat. Mainly, triticale is produced for forage feed and bioethanol. Considering the limited diversity of this human-made crop, there is a need to widen its genetic variability, especially to introduce new genes, responsible for agronomic traits, such as resistance to biotic stresses. Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks. and stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend are the most destructive foliar diseases of triticale and related cereals. Developing resistant triticale varieties is an important strategy for the control of these diseases. A number of leaf and stripe rust resistance genes have been already introduced into bread wheat from related species using chromosome manipulations. Exploitation of related species conferring desirable loci is the most effective non-GMO way of improving the rust resistance of triticale. The procedure encompasses chromosome doubling of obtained hybrids followed by a number of backcrosses to eliminate unnecessary alien chromatin and to reduce the linkage drag. In this review, we show the recent status of pre-breeding studies, which are focused on transfer of leaf and stripe rust resistance genes from Aegilops species into cultivated triticale using distant crossing and chromosome engineering.
Highlights
The hexaploid triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack, 2n = 6x = 42, AABBRR), a small grain cereal, is a man-made crop developed by crossing Triticum species as a female parent and rye (Secale cereale L.)
Revealed that resistance of triticale to Puccinia recondita (Eriks. & E.Henn.) D.M.Henderson 65a/95 strain in the seedling stage in Presto and Ugo cultivars is determined by two leaf rust resistance genes and in
The efficiency of production of ditelosomic lines of triticale with chromosome 2Sk of Ae. kotschyi carrying leaf and stripe rust resistance genes was at the level of 7.21%
Summary
At first triticale has mostly been used as animal feed, and its potential still has not been fully utilized at a large scale. This crop has found application in food industry, including baking [4] and brewing [5]. The genetic variability of triticale is limited due to lack of natural speciation, narrow genepool of parental forms (wheat and rye) and development of new breeding techniques, which induce high homozyosity (i.e., double haploid production) [7]. In 1982 the variety “Lasko”, representing a favorable combination of yield potential, was the first cultivar of triticale registered in Poland and played a significant role in popularization of this new crop in Europe [11]. Triticale breeding programs are aimed at the selection of highly yielding population varieties with increased resistance to fungal diseases (especially to leaf and stripe rust) [12]
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