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Abstract
Vector-borne diseases are responsible for over a billion infections each year and nearly one million deaths. Mosquito-borne dengue virus, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, Chikungunya, and Rift Valley Fever viruses constitute major public health problems in regions with high densities of arthropod vectors. During the initial step of the transmission cycle, vector, host, and virus converge at the bite site, where local immune cells interact with the vector's saliva. Hematophagous mosquito saliva is a mixture of bioactive components known to modulate vertebrate hemostasis, immunity, and inflammation during the insect's feeding process. The capacity of mosquito saliva to modulate the host immune response has been well-studied over the last few decades and has led to the consensus that the presence of saliva is linked to the enhancement of virus transmission, host susceptibility, disease progression, viremia levels, and mortality. We review some of the major aspects of the interactions between mosquito saliva and the host immune response that may be useful for future studies on the control of arboviruses.
Highlights
Each year, more than one billion people are infected with vector-borne diseases and nearly one million die as a result
A. aegypti bacteria-responsive protein 1 (AgBR1) is a protein upregulated in the salivary glands of mosquitoes after blood feeding (Ribeiro et al, 2007) that promotes the recruitment of CD45+CD11b+Ly6G+ cells, along with the upregulation of neutrophil- and monocytic-attracting chemokine expression at the bite site of mice infected with ZIKV via mosquito bite (Uraki et al, 2019)
The study reported downregulation of STAT2 and its phosphorylated form in human skin fibroblast infected with CHIKV in the presence of A. aegypti saliva, which led to a marked decrease in type I IFNstimulated genes (ISGs) production
Summary
More than one billion people are infected with vector-borne diseases and nearly one million die as a result. Activation of these cells following infection appears to elicit similar antiviral responses to both viruses, which consist of increased levels of IL-1β (due to maturation of caspase 1), IFN-β, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. A. aegypti bacteria-responsive protein 1 (AgBR1) is a protein upregulated in the salivary glands of mosquitoes after blood feeding (Ribeiro et al, 2007) that promotes the recruitment of CD45+CD11b+Ly6G+ cells, along with the upregulation of neutrophil- and monocytic-attracting chemokine expression at the bite site of mice infected with ZIKV via mosquito bite (Uraki et al, 2019).
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