Adverse Effects on the Thyroid of Chinese Pregnant Women Exposed to Long-Term Iodine Excess: Optimal and Safe Tolerable Upper Intake Levels of Iodine

Abstract

Ensuring optimal iodine nutrition in pregnant women is a global public health concern. However, there is no direct data on safe tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for pregnant women. A cross-sectional study was performed to determine the ULs of pregnant women. A total of 744 pregnant women were enrolled in this study. The median (IQR) urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in pregnant women was 150.2 (87.6, 268.0) μg/L, and the urinary iodine excretion (UIE) over 24 h was 204.2 (116.0, 387.0) μg/day. Compared with those with a UIE figure of between 150-250 μg/day, the reference group, the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 5.7 times higher (95%CI: 1.7, 19.2) in pregnant women with a UIE figure of between 450-550 μg/day, and 3.9 times higher (95%CI: 1.5, 10.3) in pregnant women with a UIE figure of ≥550 μg/day. Compared with an estimated iodine intake (EII) of between 100-200 μg/day, the reference group, the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 4.3 times higher (95%CI: 1.3, 14.4) in pregnant women with a UIE figure of between 500-600 μg/day, and 3.6 times higher (95%CI: 1.5, 8.9) in pregnant women with UIE of ≥600 μg/day. In general, our cross-sectional study found that excessive iodine intake during pregnancy appears to directly increase the risk of thyroid dysfunction. Avoiding chronic iodine intakes of 500 μg/day or higher or having a UIE figure of ≥450 μg/day is recommended for pregnant women in China.