Abstract

Permanent waving is very popular in Japan. Polypeptide chains (main chains) form the principal components of hair, and they are lined up longitudinally. Hair relaxation is also called straight permanent waving, and there are methods that change curly or wavy hair into straight hair. Hair damage as a result of winding, combing, and using high-temperature hairdressing irons is also often seen. By using scanning electron micrographs (SEM) we showed broken hairs and hair damage caused by permanent wave solutions. The hair damage is obvious when comparisons are made with the condition of the hair surface, condition of the cuticle, etc. Hair swelling by permanent wave solutions, manipulations such as winding, etc., inadequate rinsing with water, procedures on injured hair at the outset, etc., are considered possible reasons for any of these types of injury.

Highlights

  • Permanent waving and hair relaxation are techniques that are widely performed in Japan, and they are very popular

  • By using scanning electron micrographs (SEM) we showed broken hairs and hair damage caused by permanent wave solutions

  • Hair swelling by permanent wave solutions, manipulations such as winding, etc., inadequate rinsing with water, procedures on injured hair at the outset, etc., are considered possible reasons for any of these types of injury

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Summary

Introduction

Permanent waving and hair relaxation are techniques that are widely performed in Japan, and they are very popular. The mechanisms by which they are performed are oxidation and reduction reactions that are achieved by using permanent wave solutions. Injuries caused by permanent wave solutions that have been reported far have been primarily irritant contact dermatitis as a result of the oxidizing and reducing actions of permanent wave solutions, and in some cases there has been allergic contact dermatitis. There have been hand injuries suffered by beauticians. In this paper we outline the principles of permanent waving and hair relaxation, and we discuss broken hair and hair damage by permanent wave solutions, using scanning electron micrographs

Discussion
Safety Management and Unintended Uses of Permanent Wave Solutions
Hair Injury by Permanent Wave Solutions
Skin Injury by Permanent Wave Solutions
Conclusion

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