Abstract
BackgroundParental smoking during pregnancy is associated with lower birthweight and gestational age, as well as with the risks of low birthweight (LBW) and preterm birth. The present study aims to assess the association of parental smoking during pregnancy with birth outcomes in urban and rural areas.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of data collected in the Indonesia Family Life Survey, between 1993 and 2007, the first national prospective longitudinal cohort study in Indonesia. Retrospective data of parental smoking habits, socioeconomic status, pregnancy history and birth outcomes were collected from parents with children aged 0 to 5 years (n = 3789). We assessed the relationships between the amount of parental smoking during pregnancy with birthweight (LBW) and with gestational age (preterm birth).ResultsWe found a significant reduction in birthweight to be associated with maternal smoking. Smoking (except for paternal smoking) was associated with a decrease in the gestational age and an increased risk of preterm birth. Different associations were found in urban area, infants born to smoking fathers and both smoking parents (>20 cigarettes/day for both cases) had a significant reduction in birthweight and gestational age as well as an increased risk of LBW and preterm birth.ConclusionsResidence was found to be an effect modifier of the relation between parental smoking during pregnancy, amount of parental smoking, and birth outcomes on their children. Smoking cessation/reduction and smoking intervention program should be advised and prioritized to the area that is more prone to the adverse birth outcomes.
Highlights
Parental smoking during pregnancy is associated with lower birthweight and gestational age, as well as with the risks of low birthweight (LBW) and preterm birth
Compared to infants born to nonsmoking parents, infants born to smoking fathers were more likely to be born after the third child (26.8%); born to a mother younger than 21 years old (11.0%), a non-educated father (16.7%), or an unemployed mother (54.7%); born to parents both having a BMI < 25 kg/m2 (79.9%), a low income family (24.9%) or in a rural area (58.7%)
Compared to infants born to nonsmoking parents, the mean gestational age of infants born to smoking mothers was 0.62 weeks shorter (p = 0.086) in urban area and 1.31 weeks shorter (p =
Summary
Parental smoking during pregnancy is associated with lower birthweight and gestational age, as well as with the risks of low birthweight (LBW) and preterm birth. The present study aims to assess the association of parental smoking during pregnancy with birth outcomes in urban and rural areas. Tobacco smoking is a global public health problem. Cigarette smoke affects smokers and contributes to the health problems of nonsmokers [1]. Birthweight in the short term increases when the frequency of parental smoking decreases; in the long term it increases when maternal health and nutrition improve [2]. Low birthweight (LBW) is associated with increased morbidities and mortalities in neonates. The most important component of tobacco, is present in the placenta at a 15%
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