Adverse Effects of Genotoxicity, Bioaccumulation and Ionoregulatory Modulation of Two Differently Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Abstract

In this work zebrafish used as a bio-indicator to evaluate the influence of iron oxide nanoparticles on aquatic ecosystems has attracted special attention due to their unique properties. The purpose of this study was to develop a risk based probability model to predict the potential hazards of nanotoxicity toward aquatic organisms posed by iron oxide nanoparticles. Conversely, a notable number of studies have reported the role of iron oxide nanoparticles on aquatic organisms. Therefore, the aim of this present study is to assess the comparative impact of genotoxicity (MN assay), bioaccumulation and ionoregulatory modulation of iron oxide nanoparticles (green and chemical co-precipitated) on zebrafish. Synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized through UV–Vis, XRD, TEM with EDX, VSM and FT-IR spectrum. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of iron oxide nanoparticles for 96 h was 79.04 and 278.67 ppm respectively. After 96 h, MN assay showed the increasing of erythrocytes damage and bioaccumulation of iron oxide nanoparticles and Na+/K+-ATPase activity were significantly decreased with increasing concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles. In conclusion, green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles have less toxic when compared to chemical co-precipitated iron oxide nanoparticles during a period of 96 h. This is the first report on green and chemical co-precipitated iron oxide nanoparticles toxicity using zebrafish as an animal model.