Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women infected with HIV in Brazil from 2000 to 2015: a cohort study

Abstract

BackgroundAntiretroviral therapy (ART) use in pregnancy presents unquestionable benefits in preventing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV although it is associated with maternal adverse effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women infected with HIV.MethodsCohort study of pregnant women infected with HIV followed at the CAISM/UNICAMP Obstetric Clinic from 2000 to 2015. The following maternal adverse effects were observed: anemia, thrombocytopenia, allergy, liver function test abnormalities, dyslipidemia and diabetes. Data collected from patients’ files was added to a specific database. Descriptive analysis was shown in terms of absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies and mean, median and standard deviation calculations. Chi-square or Fisher exact test (n < 5) and relative risk (RR) with its respective p values were used for categorical variables and Student t-test (parametric data) or Mann-Whitney (non-parametric data) for the quantitative ones. A 95% confidence interval (CI) and a significant level of 0.05 were used. A multivariate Cox Logistic Regression was also done. Data analysis was conducted using SAS version 9.4.ResultsData from 793 pregnancies were included. MTCT rate was 2.3%, with 0.8% in the last 5 years. Maternal adverse effects were: dyslipidemia (82%), anemia (56%), liver function test abnormalities (54.5%), including hyperbilirubinemia (11.6%), fasting glycemia alteration (19.2%), thrombocytopenia (14.1%), and allergic reaction (2.7%). The majority of adverse effects deemed related to ART in this study were mild according to DAIDS scale. In the multivariate analysis, co-infections and starting ART during pregnancy were risk factors for maternal anemia, while CD4 count higher than 200 cells/mm3 was protective. Nevirapine, nelfinavir and atazanavir regimens increased the risk for liver function tests abnormalities. Lopinavir use during pregnancy increased the risk for fasting glycemia alteration.ConclusionThe evolution of the national guidelines of antiretroviral therapy for pregnant women improved adherence to the treatment and resulted in a significant reduction of MTCT. Despite the high frequency of maternal adverse effects, they are mostly of low severity. Newer ART medications with improved efficacy and significantly more favorable tolerability profiles should reduce the incidence of ART-related adverse effects.