Abstract
The adverse biological effect of nanoparticles is an unavoidable scientific problem because of their small size and high surface activity. In this review, we focus on nano-hydroxyapatite and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) to clarify the potential systemic toxicological effect and cytotoxic response of wear nanoparticles because they are attractive materials for bone implants and are widely investigated to promote the repair and reconstruction of bone. The wear nanoparticles would be prone to binding with proteins to form protein-particle complexes, to interacting with visible components in the blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, and to being phagocytosed by macrophages or fibroblasts to deposit in the local tissue, leading to the formation of fibrous local pseudocapsules. These particles would also be translocated to and disseminated into the main organs such as the lung, liver and spleen via blood circulation. The inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and signaling pathway are elaborated to analyze the potential toxicological mechanism. Inhibition of the oxidative stress response and signaling transduction may be a new therapeutic strategy for wear debris–mediated osteolysis. Developing biomimetic materials with better biocompatibility is our goal for orthopedic implants.
Highlights
With the advent and rapid development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, every synthetic event occurs at the nanoscale
It is well known that the nanometer regime is the fundamental unit of length over which cells and molecules interact with biological environments
The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping exhibited that the strong signals of calcium and phosphorus covered 41.7% of the TiO2 nanotube implant surface, but not on the Ti grit-blasted implant surface, indicating the
Summary
With the advent and rapid development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, every synthetic event occurs at the nanoscale (including fibers, capsules, or particles with at least one dimension from 1 to 100 nm). Inspired by the innate nanostructure of biological tissue and biomolecules, many researchers have attempted to fabricate some biomedical nanomaterials with nanoscale surface features to improve biological application in orthopedics [1,2,3,4]. HA crystals are approximately 2 nm thick by 25–50 nm wide, embedded in the holes within the collagen molecule structures and increasing the rigidity of bone. According to the National Institutes of Health, approximately 1.5 million hip fractures occur worldwide each year, and this number might increase to 2.6 million by 2025 and 4.5 million by 2050 [5]. Due to the natural nanostructure of bone, nanotechnology is used to tailor orthopedic implants aimed at helping bone formation and increased integration into the host tissue. To fabricate biomimetic functional bone, many nanomaterials are designed and manufactured, such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), HA, ceramics, and nanofibers of polymers. TiO2 and HA are selected as the representative nanomaterials used in orthopedics because they are generally studied as potential biomedical materials, as shown in the following
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