Abstract
Discourse Markers are one of an uninvestigated aspect of language in old and modern Kurdish linguistics, that has not been given due attention, neither by native nor non-native researchers. On this ground, it is hoped that the present study sheds light on this almost entirely ignored aspect of the language and this study is meant to be a systematic treatment of this group of lexical items known as Discourse Markers (henceforth, DMs), more specifically one category of them; Adversative DMs. 
 
 DMs are words, phrases and even clauses that enhance discourse coherence and are found in all languages, as tapped on by researches and investigations. Numerous terminologies are utilized to refer to such group of markers by different researchers in English and other languages, such as ‘Discourse Particles, Cue Phrases, Small Words, Pragmatic Markers, Discourse Connectives… and even they are defined differently. 
 
 It is postulated that DMs are meaningless and lay outside the domain of sentence structure. Likewise, lexical expressions that have different grammatical functions such as ‘and, also, but, or, simultaneously, at the same moment …etc, can also function as DMs to connect the previous utterance with the upcoming discourse segment. 
 
 The current investigation endeavors to answer certain specific questions: first, the extents to which DMs are operated in literary texts; second, discourse functions DMs implement. Thirdly, the word categories DMs are derived from, and to which extent Halliday and Hassan (1976)’s framework is applicable to Kurdish DMs? 
 
 For achieving the aims, the researchers analyzed one of the contemporary novels of a famous novelist entitled ‘Xezlenûs w Bâxekâni Xejâł”. By applying Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) framework and also by taking insights from Fraser (2009), DMs are categorized into different classes. One of which is Adversative DMs, which are the concern of the present study.
 
 For obtaining the frequency of each marker, the data are scrutinized manually, since there are no corpus analysis tools that can facilitate such measurements.
 
 The study concludes that Adversative DMs are frequently used in selected Kurdish literary texts and that they are similar to those found in English in terms of derived grammatical categories, taxonomy, and they have different characteristics in terms of form, position and discourse functions. Withal, it has been arrived that Adversative DMs are of different kinds analogous to those investigated in English by Halliday and Hassan (1976).
Highlights
One of the vital constituents of the spoken and written discourse is a certain group of words and phrases such as ‘but, whereas, rather, yet, on the contrary, etc.’ that serve to have grammatical functions, despite their discourse utilities
It is hoped that the present study sheds light on this almost entirely ignored aspect of the language and this study is meant to be a systematic treatment of this group of lexical items known as Discourse Markers (DMs), one category of them; Adversative DMs
Halliday and Hasan (1976) do not provide details whether the contrast is forward, direct or implied, which is clarified by Fraser (1998: 336). He describes that contrast meaning is expressed by lexes such as ‘but’ as “These discourse markers signal that the speaker intends the explicit message conveyed by S2 to contrast with an explicit or indirect message conveyed by S1”
Summary
One of the vital constituents of the spoken and written discourse is a certain group of words and phrases such as ‘but, whereas, rather, yet, on the contrary, etc.’ that serve to have grammatical functions, despite their discourse utilities. They are considered the salt and flavor of utterance. Such lexical items are labeled differently since they are up-to-date subject under investigation and each researcher studies them from a different perspective. The researchers endeavor to study these markers within the written context, namely within one of the contemporary novels
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