Advantages of monolithic over particulate columns for multiresidue analysis of organic pollutants by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to capillary liquid chromatography

Abstract

The performance of a monolithic C 18 column (150 mm × 0.2 mm i.d.) for multiresidue organic pollutants analysis by in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME)-capillary liquid chromatography has been studied, and the results have been compared with those obtained using a particulate C 18 column (150 mm × 0.5 mm i.d., 5 μm). Chromatographic separation has been carried out under isocratic elution conditions, and for detection and identification of the analytes a UV-diode array detector has been employed. Several compounds of different chemical structure and hydrophobicity have been used as model compounds: simazine, atrazine and terbutylazine (triazines), chlorfenvinphos and chlorpyrifos (organophosphorous), diuron and isoproturon (phenylureas), trifluralin (dinitroaniline) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. The results obtained revealed that the monolithic column was clearly advantageous in the context of multiresidue organic pollutants analysis for a number of reasons: (i) the selectivity was considerably improved, which is of particular interest for the most polar compounds triazines and phenyl ureas that could not be resolved in the particulate column, (ii) the sensitivity was enhanced, and (iii) the time required for the chromatographic separation was substantially shortened. In this study it is also proved that the mobile-phase flow rates used for separation in the capillary monolithic column are compatible with the in-valve IT-SPME methodology using extractive capillaries of dimensions similar to those used in conventional scale liquid chromatography (LC). On the basis of these results a new method is presented for the assessment of pollutants in waters, which permits the characterization of whole samples (4 mL) in less than 30 min, with limits of detection in the range of 5–50 ng/L.