Advancing Traditional Prostate-specific Antigen Kinetics in the Detection of Prostate Cancer: A Machine Learning Model

Abstract

BackgroundProstate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics, defined as the change in PSA over time, may be of use as a predictor of prostate cancer. PSA kinetics can be assessed as the PSA velocity, which is traditionally evaluated dichotomously and classified as abnormal if greater than either 0.35 or 0.75 ng/ml/yr. Machine learning models may provide additional benefit in assessing risk using PSA kinetics instead of PSA velocity. ObjectiveTo improve the utility of PSA kinetics by constructing a generalizable, universal machine learning model. Design, setting, and participantsData were obtained from the PLCO and PCPT trials and from a contemporary Australian cohort. PSA data were interpolated using a modified Gaussian process. A machine learning model based on a two-headed approach was designed, in which the multivariable input was fed into a one-dimensional ResNet18 model. Outcome measures and statistical analysisThe model performance was assessed compared to PSA levels and PSA velocity in terms of area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC). Results and limitationsA total of 10719 patients were included in the analysis. In tests on a validation set of the complete database to diagnose grade group ≥2, the AUC was 0.886 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.870–0.902) for the machine learning model, compared to 0.807 (95% CI 0.796–0.819) for PSA and 0.627 (95% CI 0.607–0.648) for PSA velocity. ConclusionsMachine learning models can be used to augment the diagnostic utility of PSA kinetics in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. We demonstrated significant improvements in accuracy compared to the traditional approaches of PSA velocity and PSA thresholds. Patient summaryProstate cancer diagnosis is limited by the diagnostic accuracy of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test. Advances in techniques such as machine learning algorithms can greatly improve the diagnostic accuracy of prostate cancer screening without additional costs or tests.