Abstract
BackgroundMindfulness-based meditation practice (MBP) can be assessed in terms of time spent (quantity) or skill acquisition (quality), but these components have rarely been delineated in adherence measures. Individuals may also engage in MBP through everyday life (informal practice) and dedicate specific time for MBP (formal practice).MethodThe Mindfulness Adherence Questionnaire, a scale designed to assess quantity and quality of formal and informal MBP was evaluated. Study 1 used a cross-sectional design to examine internal reliability and construct validity (N = 282). Study 2 examined test–retest reliability and sensitivity (N = 55) during a 4-week mindfulness intervention.ResultsA nested-factor model showed adequate fit: MAQ items loaded on both the general factor (Practice) and specific factors (Formal and Informal). Discriminant validity analyses revealed the MAQ captured MBP adherence distinct from trait mindfulness. Quality of both formal and informal mindfulness practice was more strongly associated with higher levels of trait mindfulness than quantity. Changes in MAQ Quantity scores were observed over time.ConclusionsThe MAQ is reliable and has a meaningful scale structure, may usefully distinguish both quality versus quantity and formal versus informal MBP, and is sensitive to variations in MBP and does not solely measure trait mindfulness.
Highlights
Mindfulness-based meditation practice (MBP) can be assessed in terms of time spent or skill acquisition, but these components have rarely been delineated in adherence measures
The results of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated good fit: relative Chi-square = 2.51 (70.28/28), comparative fix index (CFI) = 0.960, Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) = 0.936, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.074, SRMR = 0.050 All item loadings were statistically significant at the p < 0.001 level, indicating that each item loaded on either specific factor in addition to the general factor
Items comprising Mindfulness Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ) subscales consistently loaded on both the general factor (Practice) and its corresponding specific factors (Formal and Informal), suggesting that researchers may consider this model as a viable alternative to other conceptually related yet distinct models
Summary
Mindfulness-based meditation practice (MBP) can be assessed in terms of time spent (quantity) or skill acquisition (quality), but these components have rarely been delineated in adherence measures. Study 1 used a cross-sectional design to examine internal reliability and construct validity (N = 282). Discriminant validity analyses revealed the MAQ captured MBP adherence distinct from trait mindfulness. Quality of both formal and informal mindfulness practice was more strongly associated with higher levels of trait mindfulness than quantity. Conclusions The MAQ is reliable and has a meaningful scale structure, may usefully distinguish both quality versus quantity and formal versus informal MBP, and is sensitive to variations in MBP and does not solely measure trait mindfulness
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