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Abstract
Simple SummaryA “good life” for farmed animals is a life where positive experiences (positive welfare) far outweigh any negative experiences (negative welfare). If we give animals resources that they value and that provide them with positive physical and mental experiences, we give them opportunities to experience positive welfare and therefore a good life. Evaluating whether certain resources are provided for animals gives us a practical way of assessing positive welfare on farms. We describe the initial development of such resource evaluation frameworks (“Good Life Frameworks”) for beef cattle, broiler chickens and pigs. There is increasing recognition that farm animal welfare standards should ensure positive welfare, as well as prevent negative welfare. Resources that are valued by an animal and that provide opportunities to engage in motivated behaviours can elicit positive physical and emotional states and therefore positive welfare and a “good life” for farmed animals. Evaluation of resource provision is considered the best way of assessing positive welfare at present, in the absence of validated and practical animal-based measures. Previous research has outlined a framework of three tiers of increasingly positive welfare (Welfare +, Welfare ++, Welfare +++) containing resources that incrementally increase the opportunities for a good life over and above the requirements of UK law and code of practice. Based on this blueprint, “Good Life Frameworks” were developed for beef cattle, broiler chickens and pigs, containing resources that increase good life opportunities according to the scientific literature and expert consultation. We describe the initial development of these frameworks, including a piloting exercise with the UK farm assurance industry, to further refine the frameworks according to auditor and farmer feedback, and test the frameworks as a method of on-farm assessment and assurance of a “good life” for farm animals.
Highlights
Ensuring good animal welfare means protecting animals from negative experiences such as pain and suffering and ensuring that they enjoy positive experiences such as comfort and pleasure [1]
Positive welfare is becoming an increasing focus of animal welfare science [3,4]. The reasons behind this are thought to be recognition that (1) most of the focus in animal welfare research and policy far has been on preventing negative welfare; (2) the absence of negative welfare is not the same as the presence of positive welfare; (3) non-human animals are capable of experiencing positive feelings, based on evidence from neuroscience and behavioural science; (4) there may be wider benefits linked to positive welfare, e.g., positive feelings may promote health; and (5) the general public associate animal welfare with the provision of opportunities for positive experiences, believing that preventing suffering is a baseline rather than the main component of animal welfare, according to social science research [4]
The aim of this work is to describe the initial development of Good Life Frameworks for beef cattle (Bos taurus), pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Summary
Ensuring good animal welfare means protecting animals from negative experiences such as pain and suffering and ensuring that they enjoy positive experiences such as comfort and pleasure [1]. Positive welfare is becoming an increasing focus of animal welfare science [3,4] The reasons behind this are thought to be recognition that (1) most of the focus in animal welfare research and policy far has been on preventing negative welfare; (2) the absence of negative welfare (i.e., preventing suffering) is not the same as the presence of positive welfare (i.e., having positive physical and mental experiences); (3) non-human animals are capable of experiencing positive feelings, based on evidence from neuroscience and behavioural science; (4) there may be wider benefits linked to positive welfare, e.g., positive feelings may promote health; and (5) the general public associate animal welfare with the provision of opportunities for positive experiences, believing that preventing suffering is a baseline rather than the main component of animal welfare, according to social science research [4].
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