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Abstract
The booming demand for energy across the world, especially for petroleum-based fuels, has led to the search for a long-term solution as a perfect source of sustainable energy. Lignocellulosic biomass resolves this obstacle as it is a readily available, inexpensive, and renewable fuel source that fulfills the criteria of sustainability. Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass and its components into value-added products maximizes the energy output and promotes the approach of lignocellulosic biorefinery. However, disruption of the recalcitrant structure of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) via pretreatment technologies is costly and power-/heat-consuming. Therefore, devising an effective pretreatment method is a challenge. Likewise, the thermochemical and biological lignocellulosic conversion poses problems of efficiency, operational costs, and energy consumption. The advent of integrated technologies would probably resolve this problem. However, it is yet to be explored how to make it applicable at a commercial scale. This article will concisely review basic concepts of lignocellulosic composition and the routes opted by them to produce bioenergy. Moreover, it will also discuss the pros and cons of the pretreatment and conversion methods of lignocellulosic biomass. This critical analysis will bring to light the solutions for efficient and cost-effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass that would pave the way for the development of sustainable energy systems.
Highlights
Burgeoning industrialization has surged energy demand, which has augmented the insistence on using petroleum-based fuels
Delignification is carried out selectively by increasing the surface area and porosity of biomass as well as preventing the loss of carbohydrates and reducing sugar. It improves the digestibility of enzymes used in hydrolysis, making it essential for enzymatic hydrolysis, as a maximum yield of fermentable sugars can be obtained [69]
Ball milling enhanced the yield of ethyl levulinate by 31.23%
Summary
Burgeoning industrialization has surged energy demand, which has augmented the insistence on using petroleum-based fuels. They belong to non-renewable sources that have extortionate costs. Production of sustainable energy is a requisite since power plays an imperative role in the development of the economy, social improvements, and humans [1]. The utilization of renewable energy is crucial as it ensures environmental sustainability, energy, and economic security. The shift from petroleum-based materials to biomass-based materials promotes the supply of sustainable carbon feedstock [2]. Lignocellulosic biomass is cellulose-based biomass that is inexpensive and is readily available for energy production. Prime sources of lignocellulosic biomass include agricultural residues, energy crops, forest residues, and cellulosic wastes
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