Abstract
During aging, body adiposity increases with changes in the metabolism of lipids and their metabolite levels. Considering lipid metabolism, excess adiposity with increased lipotoxicity leads to various age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the multifaceted nature and complexities of lipid metabolism make it difficult to delineate its exact mechanism and role during aging. With advances in genetic engineering techniques, recent studies have demonstrated that changes in lipid metabolism are associated with aging and age-related diseases. Lipid accumulation and impaired fatty acid utilization in organs are associated with pathophysiological phenotypes of aging. Changes in adipokine levels contribute to aging by modulating changes in systemic metabolism and inflammation. Advances in lipidomic techniques have identified changes in lipid profiles that are associated with aging. Although it remains unclear how lipid metabolism is regulated during aging, or how lipid metabolites impact aging, evidence suggests a dynamic role for lipid metabolism and its metabolites as active participants of signaling pathways and regulators of gene expression. This review describes recent advances in our understanding of lipid metabolism in aging, including established findings and recent approaches.
Highlights
Aging is a complex biological process characterized by accumulation of changes over time with loss of physiological integrity [1]
These results indicate that impaired PPARα in the liver plays an important role in aging-impaired liver lipid metabolism
Experimental evidence shows that lipid metabolism is changed during aging and lipid-related interventions can modulate age-related diseases and aging in various model organisms
Summary
Aging is a complex biological process characterized by accumulation of changes over time with loss of physiological integrity [1]. Lopez-Otin et al suggested that nine candidate hallmarks contribute to the aging process [2] These include major changes that occur during aging, such as stem cell exhaustion, genomic instability, and altered cellular communication. Excessive lipids can be stored in other tissues including the liver, muscle, and kidney [20] This ectopic accumulation of lipids can occur due to excessive lipids in the body, and by altered metabolic signaling in the affected organs. Because recent reviews have covered how lipid metabolites actively participate in the cellular process and their role in diseases, this review will focus on recent experimental evidence linking altered lipid metabolism to aging [24]. How altered lipid metabolism can affect epigenetics will be discussed, as this plays an important role in the aging process. The effects of anti-aging CR, or other interventions that affect lipid metabolism, will be discussed
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