Advances in understanding bioactivity of chitosan and chitosan oligomers against selected wood-inhabiting fungi

Abstract

Abstract Nitrous acid deaminative depolymerisation was used to prepare three chitosan oligomer (CO) mixtures from high-molecular weight chitosan. These mixtures of chitosan oligosaccharides were analysed by electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy, potentiometric titration and gel permeation chromatography. A method based on potentiometric titration of the amino groups of the oligomers gave an average degree of polymerisation (DP) for the three preparations of 5 (CODP5), 9 (CODP9) and 14 (CODP14). Chitosan acetate and the chitosan oligomer mixtures were assayed against Leptographium procerum, Sphaeropsis sapinea and Trichoderma harzianum on nutrient media. Leptographium procerum and S. sapinea growth was prevented by chitosan acetate and chitosan oligomers at concentrations of 0.3–0.4% (w/v), whereas T. harzianum was able to overcome the fungistatic action of these compounds. The oligomer preparation CODP14 exhibited superior specific activity to both CODP5 and chitosan acetate, suggesting an optimum molecular weight for bioactivity. All oligomer preparations were more effective at pH 4 than at pH 6. This result, in combination with the inactivity of N-acetylated CODP14, indicated that amino group protonation was an important factor for fungistatic activity. The CODP14 preparation was reduced with sodium borohydride and fractionated by alkali precipitation and ion exchange chromatography. Bioassays of these fractions pointed towards DP and degree of deacetylation (DD) as key factors in chito-oligosaccharide bioactivity. Conversely, the terminal aldehyde groups generated by depolymerisation did not contribute to the activity observed.