Abstract
Medical research is changing into direction of precision therapy, thus, sophisticated preclinical models are urgently needed. In human pathogenic virus research, the major technical hurdle is not only to translate discoveries from animals to treatments of humans, but also to overcome the problem of interspecies differences with regard to productive infections and comparable disease development. Transgenic mice provide a basis for research of disease pathogenesis after infection with human-specific viruses. Today, humanized mice can be found at the very heart of this forefront of medical research allowing for recapitulation of disease pathogenesis and drug mechanisms in humans. This review discusses progress in the development and use of transgenic mice for the study of virus-induced human diseases towards identification of new drug innovations to treat and control human pathogenic infectious diseases.
Highlights
In times of a global pandemic, it is more obvious than ever that human pathogenic viruses are a major threat to global health
Aside from that, several well-known human pathogenic viruses that are characterized in molecular detail like influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis viruses still remain a huge threat to public health
Especially mice, are widely accepted and the preferred preclinical systems as they are readily available and exhibit low maintenance costs. Viruses coevolve with their host organisms and, often show a restricted species specificity frequently complicating the research of human pathogenic viruses in mouse models
Summary
In times of a global pandemic, it is more obvious than ever that human pathogenic viruses are a major threat to global health. Viruses coevolve with their host organisms and, often show a restricted species specificity frequently complicating the research of human pathogenic viruses in mouse models. This narrow host range is often based on the lack of surface entry receptors necessary for virus infection or due to remarkable differences in murine and human innate immune responses upon viral infection. Mouse models often demonstrate limited susceptibility or permissiveness and, results obtained from studies in murine models cannot necessarily be extrapolated to humans, which complicates the validity of drug development and vaccination studies. Several examples human of pathogenic viruses that have that beenhave studied studied in translational, human-relevant preclinical systems translational, human-relevant preclinical systems
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