Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by high aggressiveness, high malignancy, and poor prognosis compared to other breast cancer subtypes. This review aims to explore recent advances in understanding TNBC and to provide new insights and potential references for clinical treatment. We examined current literature on TNBC to analyze molecular subtypes, genetic mutations, signaling pathways, mechanisms of drug resistance, and emerging therapies. Findings highlight key aspects of TNBC's molecular subtypes, relevant mutations, and pathways, alongside emerging treatments that target drug resistance mechanisms. These insights into TNBC pathogenesis may help guide future therapeutic strategies and improve clinical outcomes for patients with TNBC.

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