Advances in the synthesis of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) of proteins extracted from nature

Abstract

Abstract Over the past few decades, nanotechnology has developed rapidly and has been applied to various fields. Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs), which are composed of several hundred atoms, are a new type of nanomaterial. AuNCs are often synthesized using ligands or templates. The interaction between the gold atoms and the groups of the ligands or templates results in unexpected physical and chemical properties. In recent studies, natural proteins have often been used as templates to synthesize AuNCs. The unique structure of natural proteins endows AuNCs with biological functions, such as biocompatibility and enzymatic activity. The unique properties of these natural protein-AuNCs have been verified and applied in various fields. In this article, the synthetic strategies used to produce AuNCs have been divided into two categories: animal-derived and plant-derived protein synthesis. The protein types and synthesis strategies used in the current mainstream research are reviewed, and their applications in detection and biological imaging are summarized. Finally, the problems and future development directions of AuNCs synthesized from natural proteins are discussed, laying a foundation for the biological application of protein-AuNCs.