Abstract
Plasmid DNA vaccine is a promising modality for immunization. Immunization with plasmid DNA by various routes can trigger effective iimnune responses. The immunogens can be administered repeatedly without inducing anti-vector immunity. However, the immune responses induced by plasmid DNA vaccines are much stronger in small laboratory animal models than in non-human primates and humans. A number of adjuvants, including immune co-stimulatory molecules, cytokines, complement molecules, liposomes, nucleic acids, polymers, micro-and nano-particles, have been designed to improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines by directly stimulating the immune system or by enhancing plasmid DNA expression. This review introduces the progress in development of these adjuvants for plasmid DNA vaccines. Key words: Vaccines; DNA; Adjuvant; immunologic; Cytokines; Polymers
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