Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the increasingly serious public health concerns worldwide; the global burden of CKD is increasingly due to high morbidity and mortality. At present, there are three key problems in the clinical treatment and management of CKD. First, the current diagnostic indicators, such as proteinuria and serum creatinine, are greatly interfered by the physiological conditions of patients, and the changes in the indicator level are not synchronized with renal damage. Second, the established diagnosis of suspected CKD still depends on biopsy, which is not suitable for contraindication patients, is also traumatic, and is not sensitive to early progression. Finally, the prognosis of CKD is affected by many factors; hence, it is ineviatble to develop effective biomarkers to predict CKD prognosis and improve the prognosis through early intervention. Accurate progression monitoring and prognosis improvement of CKD are extremely significant for improving the clinical treatment and management of CKD and reducing the social burden. Therefore, biomarkers reported in recent years, which could play important roles in accurate progression monitoring and prognosis improvement of CKD, were concluded and highlighted in this review article that aims to provide a reference for both the construction of CKD precision therapy system and the pharmaceutical research and development.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the non-communicable diseases that, in a condition of persistently reduced kidney function over 3 months, is considered a serious threat to folk health with high morbidity on a global scale (Carney, 2020)
The obvious limitation with the diagnostic criteria is the concentration of serum creatinine (Scr), which varies greatly based on gender, age, muscle mass, muscle metabolism, overall body weight, hydration status, and nutritional status, causing the changes in Scr level to be not synchronized with the decreased renal function (Goek et al, 2012; Ferguson et al, 2015)
In the animal model of CKD, DKK-3 could regulate the signal transduction of the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway and induce renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis (Schunk et al, 2021b). Another cohort study showed that increased urinary DKK-3 concentration in patients with primary glomerular disease and primary interstitial disease was significantly associated with higher levels of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and the significant estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline within 6 months is closely related to the level of urinary DKK-3 (Zewinger et al, 2018)
Summary
Received: 30 September 2021 Accepted: 30 November 2021 Published: 21 December 2021. Citation: Yan Z, Wang G and Shi X (2021) Advances in the Progression and Prognosis Biomarkers of Chronic. There are three key problems in the clinical treatment and management of CKD. The established diagnosis of suspected CKD still depends on biopsy, which is not suitable for contraindication patients, is traumatic, and is not sensitive to early progression. The prognosis of CKD is affected by many factors; it is ineviatble to develop effective biomarkers to predict CKD prognosis and improve the prognosis through early intervention. Accurate progression monitoring and prognosis improvement of CKD are extremely significant for improving the clinical treatment and management of CKD and reducing the social burden. Biomarkers reported in recent years, which could play important roles in accurate progression monitoring and prognosis improvement of CKD, were concluded and highlighted in this review article that aims to provide a reference for both the construction of CKD precision therapy system and the pharmaceutical research and development
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