Advances in the management of statin myopathy.

Abstract

Statins are highly effective therapies for reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular events. However, many patients taking statins experience statin-associated muscle symptoms. In the current manuscript, we review algorithms to define statin intolerance and approaches to optimize cardiovascular risk reduction and reduce the nocebo effect among individuals reporting statin-associated muscle pain. Patients with statin intolerance have a higher cardiovascular event risk. These data underscore the need to apply clinical strategies that improve treatment utilization and adherence of patients experiencing statin-related side effects. Recent data have shown that the nocebo effect is frequent with statin therapy. This may be explained by the high frequency of muscle symptoms in the general population and media misinformation. When statins even at a low dosage are not tolerated other therapies can be used such as fibrate, ezetimibe nutraceuticals and antiPCSK9 antibodies. Recent data have identified other alternative therapeutic strategies such as bempedoic acid. There are multiple strategies for the management of statin-intolerance, both pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Patient involvement in the justification of statin treatment indication and therapeutic choice is the first step to overcome misbelief and reduce nocebo effect.