Advances in the applications of thermoelectric generators

Abstract

Amid energy crises and environmental concerns, thermoelectric generators have gained interest as eco-friendly power sources by directly converting heat to electricity. Given the expanding literature on thermoelectric applications, a review can help researchers grasp this field more efficiently. This paper comprehensively reviewed thermoelectric generator applications, including small-scale electronic device power supply, waste heat recovery, and renewable energy generation. It provides power density and efficiency summaries across thermoelectric generator systems, addressing a literature gap. Moreover, the article discusses recent thermoelectric material advancements. It also compares thermoelectric generator and photovoltaic efficiency and cost. Results reveal that wearable thermoelectric generators have lower power density (<100 μW/cm2), while industrial thermoelectric generators range 25–300 mW/cm2 and geothermal thermoelectric generators span 20–130 mW/cm2. Thermoelectric generator system efficiency ranges from 2.5% to 6.5%. Thermoelectric generator system costs are estimated to be in the range of 2000–15,000 USD/kW. In comparison to photovoltaic systems, when considering capacity factor, thermoelectric generators offer comparable efficiency and cost profiles. Low efficiency and high costs still remain critical factors limiting the widespread applications of thermoelectric generator technology. The development of more efficient and cost-effective thermoelectric generator technology holds significant promise in addressing global energy and environmental challenges.