Advances in the Application of Exosomes Identification Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Early Detection of Cancers

Lu Yang,Jingyuan Jia,Shenglong Li

doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.808933

Abstract

Exosomes are small nanoscale vesicles with a double-layered lipid membrane structure secreted by cells, and almost all types of cells can secrete exosomes. Exosomes carry a variety of biologically active contents such as nucleic acids and proteins, and play an important role not only in intercellular information exchange and signal transduction, but also in various pathophysiological processes in the human body. Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) uses light to interact with nanostructured materials such as gold and silver to produce a strong surface plasmon resonance effect, which can significantly enhance the Raman signal of molecules adsorbed on the surface of nanostructures to obtain a rich fingerprint of the sample itself or Raman probe molecules with ultra-sensitivity. The unique advantages of SERS, such as non-invasive and high sensitivity, good selectivity, fast analysis speed, and low water interference, make it a promising technology for life science and clinical testing applications. In this paper, we briefly introduce exosomes and the current main detection methods. We also describe the basic principles of SERS and the progress of the application of unlabeled and labeled SERS in exosome detection. This paper also summarizes the value of SERS-based exosome assays for early tumor diagnosis.

Highlights

The exosome was originally isolated from sheep reticulocytes as a small vesicle with the characteristics of the reticulocyte cytosol (Trams et al, 1981; Pan et al, 1985; Grasso et al, 1990)
We summarized the application and research of SERS technology in the detection of exosomes, and discussed the advantages and disadvantages of SERS compared with other exosome detection technologies
The deep learning model supervised by cellular exosomes successfully identified the lung cancer patients and even detected stage I patients Contributed to studies on exosomal surface protein markers for diagnosis of cancers Developed a straightforward and rapid procedure for exosomes isolation and exosomal PD-L1 biomarkers quantification from clinic serum samples With the aid of duplex-specific nuclease (DSN), one target exosomal miRNA can trigger the release of numerous signal reporter elements, and ultrahigh sensitivity could be achieved The separate effect of SiMB and the stable Raman signatures of ARANPs can ensure the capability of applying this new approach for detection of exosomal miRNA

Summary

Introduction

The exosome was originally isolated from sheep reticulocytes as a small vesicle with the characteristics of the reticulocyte cytosol (Trams et al, 1981; Pan et al, 1985; Grasso et al, 1990). They used gold nanoparticles as an enhanced substrate for SERS and used principal component analysis to analyze the spectra of exosomes secreted by lung cancer cells and normal cells separately and found a sensitivity of 95.3% and specificity of 97.3%.

Results

Conclusion