Abstract
In the last years, the European Commission has adopted restrictive directives on food quality and safety in order to protect animal and human health. Veterinary drugs represent an important risk and the need to have sensitive and fast analytical techniques to detect and quantify them has become mandatory. Over the years, the availability of different modes, interfaces, and formats has improved the versatility, sensitivity, and speed of capillary electrophoresis (CE) techniques. Thus, CE represents a powerful tool for the analysis of a large variety of food matrices and food-related molecules with important applications in food quality and safety. This review focuses the attention of CE applications over the last decade on the detection of different classes of drugs (used as additives in animal food or present as contaminants in food products) with a potential risk for animal and human health. In addition, considering that the different sample preparation procedures have strongly contributed to CE sensitivity and versatility, the most advanced sample pre-concentration techniques are discussed here.
Highlights
The addition of drugs to animal food to promote growth and protect animals can represent a potential risk of contamination of food matrices
We focused the attention on the potential of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in veterinary drug residue analysis, considering the versatility of different CE-modes
Solid phase extraction (SPE) combined with CSEI-sweep-MEKC-UV allowed six nitroimidazole residues in egg samples to be quantified with LOQ values in the range of a few ng/g [45]
Summary
The addition of drugs (abuse or illegal use) to animal food to promote growth and protect animals can represent a potential risk of contamination of food matrices. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with its well-known advantages, such as high efficiency, low consumption of sample and buffer, and rapidity, represents a potential alternative to LC methods in the analysis of drugs in different fields, including food analysis [14,15,16]. Another important advantage of CE rests in the versatility of applications thanks to the development of different CE separation modes. The main CE-modes were summarized, subdividing drugs into antibiotics (classified according to different molecular structures) and other drugs (estrogens, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs, and β-agonists)
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