Abstract
Scars, as the result of abnormal wound-healing response after skin injury, may lead to loss of aesthetics and physical dysfunction. Current clinical strategies, such as surgical excision, laser treatment, and drug application, provide late remedies for scarring, yet it is difficult to eliminate scars. In this review, the functions, roles of multiple polymer scaffolds in wound healing and scar inhibition are explored. Polysaccharide and protein scaffolds, an analog of extracellular matrix, act as templates for cell adhesion and migration, differentiation to facilitate wound reconstruction and limit scarring. Stem cell-seeded scaffolds and growth factors-loaded scaffolds offer significant bioactive substances to improve the wound healing process. Special emphasis is placed on scaffolds that continuously release oxygen, which greatly accelerates the vascularization process and ensures graft survival, providing convincing theoretical support and great promise for scarless healing.
Highlights
Hyperplastic scars and keloids are pathological scarring caused by defects that arise during the normal wound healing process [1]
After hypoxia and anoxia of the damaged tissue, a series of reactions will contribute to scar formation, such as as intense intenseinflammatory inflammatoryresponse, response,conversion conversion fibroblasts to myofibers, excessive collagen such ofof fibroblasts to myofibers, excessive collagen dedeposition wound contraction
Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were encapsulated in polyvinyl alcohol/alginate nano hydrogel, with the results showed that it contributed to angiogenesis and wound healing in SD rats by activating the ERK1/2 pathway [92]
Summary
Hyperplastic scars and keloids are pathological scarring caused by defects that arise during the normal wound healing process [1]. To coordinately regulate the wound repair, cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix (ECM) in host tissue perform different phenotypes, morphologies, and functions. Synthetic, or semi-synthetic tissue-mimetic substitutes to repair damaged or diseased tissues, tissue engineering interventions can effectively modulate the signaling stimuli, components, and cytokines in the ECM, as well as collagen deposition and spatial morphology. Well-designed scaffolds from different sources were used to mimic the ECM, such as proteins or polysaccharides Different substances such as oxygen sources, cytokines, and growth factors were attached to the scaffold material to accelerate wound tissue remodeling. The mechanisms, current status, and potential therapeutic effects are elucidated by analyzing the three basic elements of tissue engineering-scaffold, seed cells, and growth factors-in the performance of wound healing and scar inhibition
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