Abstract
Retinal imaging has undergone a revolution in the past 50 years to allow for better understanding of the eye in health and disease. Significant improvements have occurred both in hardware such as lasers and optics in addition to software image analysis. Optical imaging modalities include optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCTA), photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), adaptive optics (AO), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and molecular imaging (MI). These imaging modalities have enabled improved visualization of retinal pathophysiology and have had a substantial impact on basic and translational medical research. These improvements in technology have translated into early disease detection, more accurate diagnosis, and improved management of numerous chorioretinal diseases. This article summarizes recent advances and applications of retinal optical imaging techniques, discusses current clinical challenges, and predicts future directions in retinal optical imaging.
Highlights
The human eye is optically transparent, and the retina and choroid are ideally suited for optical imaging of pathological disease changes
This review focuses on emerging imaging instruments, their recent advances, and medical applications
There is no universally accepted standard approach for Quantitative AF (qAF). This lack of standardized quantitative assessment can limit the utility of fundus autofluorescence (FAF) as a method for diagnosis or monitoring and poses an important clinical need for future development
Summary
The human eye is optically transparent, and the retina and choroid are ideally suited for optical imaging of pathological disease changes. OCT angiography (OCTA) as a noninvasive angiographic technique provides visualization of vascular structures Other appealing technologies such as adaptive optics (AO), ultra-wide field imaging, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) have been integrated into available retinal imaging modalities, which can significantly improve our image quality or field of view. OCT can provide structural information about the retina, and PAM can reveal functional and molecular details of biological tissue when combined with nanoparticle contrast agents Another multimodal imaging example is integrating PAM, SD-OCT, and autofluorescence-scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AF-SLO) to visualize retinal vasculature and provide the concentration of melanin in the retinal pigment epithelium [70]. This lack of standardized quantitative assessment can limit the utility of FAF as a method for diagnosis or monitoring and poses an important clinical need for future development
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