Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis plays a crucial role in many chemical processes, including advanced organic preparations and the design and synthesis of new organic moieties. Efficient and sustainable catalysts are vital to ecological and fiscal viability. This is why green multicomponent reaction (MCR) approaches have gained prominence. Owing to a broad range of pharmacological applications, pyranopyrazole syntheses (through the one-pot strategy, employing sustainable heterogeneous catalysts) have received immense attention. This review aimed to emphasise recent developments in synthesising nitrogen-based fused heterocyclic ring frameworks, exploring diverse recyclable catalysts. The article focused on the synthetic protocols used between 2010 and 2020 using different single, bi- and tri-metallic materials and nanocomposites as reusable catalysts. This review designated the catalysts’ efficacy and activity in product yields, reaction time, and reusability. The MCR green methodologies (in conjunction with recyclable catalyst materials) proved eco-friendly and ideal, with a broad scope that could feasibly lead to advancements in organic synthesis.
Highlights
The strategy of using sustainable green methodologies to synthesise various heterocycles utilising heterogeneous catalysts is a continuously expanding area of interest for researchers and industries [1,2,3,4]
The tunable strong acid and base properties and catalytic activity of heterogeneous materials played a crucial role in organic synthesis [10,11,12]
This review focused on the protocols used for synthesis of different 4H-pyrano[2,3c]-pyrazole analogues using various metal-based materials and composites, grouping methodologies as (i) single metal-containing, (ii) two-metal containing, (iii) three-metal containing and (iv) with miscellaneous materials and composites as recyclable catalysts
Summary
The strategy of using sustainable green methodologies to synthesise various heterocycles utilising heterogeneous catalysts is a continuously expanding area of interest for researchers and industries [1,2,3,4]. Using efficient heterogeneous catalyst materials is a progressive approach to generate desired products with high selectivity and atom economy [33,34]. Researchers have made vast progress in designing and developing libraries of bioactive molecules comprising different heterocyclic structures utilising the MCR approach over the past two decades [35,36]. This review set out to provide insight into the synthesis procedures for different pyranopyrazole analogues via the MCR approach, using various recyclable materials and nanocomposites as catalysts. This review focused on the protocols used for synthesis of different 4H-pyrano[2,3c]-pyrazole analogues using various metal-based materials and composites, grouping methodologies as (i) single metal-containing, (ii) two-metal containing, (iii) three-metal containing and (iv) with miscellaneous materials and composites as recyclable catalysts
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