Advances in molecular mechanisms of plasticity in the visual cortex

Abstract

Plasticity in the visual cortex has long served as a paradigm example for studying how cortical circuits are shaped by experience. About 40 years have elapsed since the original findings of visual cortical plasticity, but the description of the underlying molecular mechanisms has lagged behind. Recent advances in scientific methods have helped to advance the understanding that glutamatergic receptors, neurotrophins, GABAergic circuits, intracellular signaling, extracellular environment, neuromodulatory systems, growth factors and immune/inflammation system signals, and gene transcription regulated by chromatin remodeling play key roles in regulating plasticity of the visual cortex. Moreover, this increased understanding offers a theoretical foundation for curing amblyopia and other cortically based visual disorders in the clinic. Key words: Neuronal plasticity; Visual cortex; Critical period; Amblyopia