Abstract
Intervention with Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has provided a high level of evidence in primary prevention of cardiovascular events. Besides enhancing protection from classical risk factors, an improvement has also been described in a number of non-classical ones. Benefits have been reported on biomarkers of oxidation, inflammation, cellular adhesion, adipokine production, and pro-thrombotic state. Although the benefits of the MedDiet have been attributed to its richness in antioxidants, the mechanisms by which it exercises its beneficial effects are not well known. It is thought that the integration of omics including genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, and metabolomics, into studies analyzing nutrition and cardiovascular diseases will provide new clues regarding these mechanisms. However, omics integration is still in its infancy. Currently, some single-omics analyses have provided valuable data, mostly in the field of genomics. Thus, several gene-diet interactions in determining both intermediate (plasma lipids, etc.) and final cardiovascular phenotypes (stroke, myocardial infarction, etc.) have been reported. However, few studies have analyzed changes in gene expression and, moreover very few have focused on epigenomic or metabolomic biomarkers related to the MedDiet. Nevertheless, these preliminary results can help to better understand the inter-individual differences in cardiovascular risk and dietary response for further applications in personalized nutrition.
Highlights
Every day, the concept of “Precision Medicine” or “Personalized Medicine” is becoming more widely known and professionals from various fields are working hard to ensure that the promises that this new vision of medicine, which proposes customizing healthcare, with medical decisions, practices, and/or products tailored to the individual patient, are fulfilled
We will review present knowledge from randomized trials with the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), which provide the first scientific level of evidence, as well as the traditional biomarkers of health/disease status and will go deeper into new omics as they promise to revolutionize the identification of new biomarkers in nutritional studies into cardiovascular diseases (CVD), to present the advances in integrating traditional and omic biomarkers when analyzing the effects of the MedDiet in CVD prevention
In all the intervention groups of PREDIMED systemic F2-isoprostanes and 8-oxo-deoxiguanosine were reduced after a one-year intervention, in women with metabolic syndrome who improved their diet towards a MedDiet pattern, the decrease in 8-oxo-deoxiguanosine was greater [30]
Summary
The concept of “Precision Medicine” or “Personalized Medicine” is becoming more widely known and professionals from various fields are working hard to ensure that the promises that this new vision of medicine, which proposes customizing healthcare, with medical decisions, practices, and/or products tailored to the individual patient, are fulfilled. The results of the PREDIMED study (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea)—a randomized, controlled nutritional intervention trial [1]—aimed at assessing the influence of the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) on hard cardiovascular events, has helped to provide a higher level of evidence on the effects of the MedDiet on cardiovascular prevention, but has encouraged various research groups throughout the world to begin or plan the design of large nutritional intervention studies focusing on hard cardiovascular events Those studies that have been designed within the new omics era are incorporating all these new technologies so as to provide better knowledge. We will review present knowledge from randomized trials with the MedDiet, which provide the first scientific level of evidence, as well as the traditional biomarkers of health/disease status and will go deeper into new omics (genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, metabolomics) as they promise to revolutionize the identification of new biomarkers (of dietary exposure, of nutrition status, and of health/disease) in nutritional studies into CVD, to present the advances in integrating traditional and omic biomarkers when analyzing the effects of the MedDiet in CVD prevention
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