Abstract
Early diagnostics of leukemia is crucial for successful therapy of this disease. Therefore, development of rapid, sensitive, and easy-to-use methods for detection of this disease is of increased interest. Biosensor technology is challenged for this purpose. This review includes a brief description of the methods used in current clinical diagnostics of leukemia and provides recent achievements in sensor technology based on immuno- and DNA aptamer-based electrochemical and acoustic biosensors. The comparative analysis of immuno- and aptamer-based sensors shows a significant advantage of DNA aptasensors over immunosensors in the detection of cancer cells. The acoustic technique is of comparable sensitivity with those based on electrochemical methods; moreover, it is label-free and provides straightforward evaluation of the signal. Several examples of sensor development are provided and discussed.
Highlights
Human blood is a unique substance consisting of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
During the last two decades the diagnostic accuracy and efficiency of the above-mentioned methods were significantly improved by application of microarrays for gene expression profiling, which can predict all relevant sub-entities of leukemia
The immunosensors for cancer detection can be developed for either cancer markers, for example protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) that is overexpressed in the membrane of leukemic Jurkat cells, for prostate specific antigen (PSA), or for circulating tumor cells (CTC)
Summary
Human blood is a unique substance consisting of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Aptamers are DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that are composed of typically 15–80 nucleotides that in water solution fold into 3D conformation forming a specific binding site to the analyte of interest They are specially selected by the method SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment), developed. Aptamers are more stable in comparison with antibodies and can be selected for almost unlimited types of analyte, including small molecules, proteins, viruses, bacteria, or cells Another important issue in the development of a biosensor is the selection of the proper chemical modification of the receptors. In this review the current state of the art in the development of immuno- and aptasensors based on electrochemical and acoustic principles is presented, with focus on the comparison of the efficiency of antibodies and nucleic acid aptamers. It is demonstrated that aptamer-based technology has opened new opportunities for efficient diagnostics of leukemia
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