Abstract
Carbon is one of the most abundant elements on Earth. In addition to the well-known crystallographic modifications such as graphite and diamond, other allotropic carbon modifications such as graphene-based nanomaterials and carbon nanotubes have recently come to the fore. These carbon nanomaterials can be designed to help deliver or target drugs more efficiently and to innovate therapeutic approaches, especially for cancer treatment, but also for the development of new diagnostic agents for malignancies and are expected to help combine molecular imaging for diagnosis with therapies. This paper summarizes the latest designed drug delivery nanosystems based on graphene, graphene quantum dots, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes, mainly for anticancer therapy.
Highlights
Materials 2021, 14, 1059. https://Each active pharmaceutical ingredient (API, drug substance) is formulated for administration to prevent, treat, or diagnose into a dosage form that corresponds to the desired method of use
Exposure of human neuroblastoma cell lines SK-N-BE(2) and SH-SY5Y to low concentrations of oxidized Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) (O-GNRs) fabricated by oxidative unzipping of SWCNTs resulted in increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy was induced in both neuroblastoma cell lines within a few hours of exposure, growth arrest or cell death were not observed
Hybrid nanosheets fabricated by immobilization of Au nanorods onto the surface of PEGylated graphene oxide (GO) via polydopamine and showing an 86.16% DOX-loading capacity and a very low cytotoxicity to MCF-7 cells exhibited a pH/near infrared (NIR)-stimuli-responsive drug release, suggesting that they can be utilized as a superb platform for remotely triggered drug delivery [231]
Summary
Each active pharmaceutical ingredient (API, drug substance) is formulated for administration to prevent, treat, or diagnose into a dosage form that corresponds to the desired method of use. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are carbon allotropes with a cylindrical structure with open or closed ends They can be classified based on the number of concentric layers of rolled graphene sheets: single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs, Figure 2c) generally showing an outer diameter of. Another form of carbon can be considered activated carbon (AC, charcoal) that is composed primarily of aromatic configurations of carbon atoms joined by random crosslinkages—its sheets or groups of atoms stacked unevenly in a disorganized manner It is characterized by a high porosity and a high-surface area reflected in the good adsorptive ability of this material. Considerable efforts have been made in the last decade to explore the biomedical use of graphene-based nanomaterials and carbon nanotubes, especially in the intelligent administration of anticancer drugs [26,104,105]. The aim of this paper is to summarize the latest designed graphene-based (i.e., based on graphene, graphene quantum dots, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide) and carbon nanotube drug delivery systems mainly for anticancer therapy
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