Abstract

Since the first demonstration of Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT) in 1997, several functional extensions of Doppler OCT have been developed, including velocimetry, angiogram, and optical coherence elastography. These functional techniques have been widely used in research and clinical applications, particularly in ophthalmology. Here, we review the principles, representative methods, and applications of different Doppler OCT techniques, followed by discussion on the innovations, limitations, and future directions of each of these techniques.

Highlights

  • Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique that utilizes low-coherence light to capture structural images of biological tissue with high resolution in the micrometer scale [1,2,3]

  • Based on the Doppler principle, Doppler OCT is a functional imaging technique that allows for quantifying the speed of moving particles with high spatial resolution and sensitivity in addition to structural imaging [4,5,6,7,8,9,10]

  • We describe the methods, key advances, limitations, clinical applications and future directions of Doppler OCT

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Summary

| INTRODUCTION

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique that utilizes low-coherence light to capture structural images of biological tissue with high resolution in the micrometer scale [1,2,3]. With the phase-resolved Doppler OCT method, high-velocity sensitivity, high spatial resolution and high imaging speed can be achieved simultaneously, enabling real-time visualization and quantification of blood flow. The applications of artificial intelligence in OCT and OCTA, still at an early stage, have great potential to increase the accuracy and efficiency of quantitative analysis [73, 77, 124]

| SUMMARY
Summary of current angiography methods
Method Doppler variance
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