Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection with skin-to-skin based transmission mode. HPV annually caused over 500,000 cancer cases including cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal cancer among others. HPV vaccination has become a public-health concern, worldwide, to prevent the cases of HPV infections including precancerous lesions, cervical cancers, and genital warts especially in adolescent female and male population by launching national programs with international alliances. Currently, available prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines are expensive to be used in developing countries for vaccination programs. The recent progress in immunotherapy, biotechnology, recombinant DNA technology and molecular biology along with alternative and complementary medicinal systems have paved novel ways and valuable opportunities to design and develop effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, drugs and treatment approach to counter HPV effectively. Exploration and more researches on such advances could result in the gradual reduction in the incidences of HPV cases across the world. The present review presents a current global scenario and futuristic prospects of the advanced prophylactic and therapeutic approaches against HPV along with recent patents coverage of the progress and advances in drugs, vaccines and therapeutic regimens to effectively combat HPV infections and its cancerous conditions.
Highlights
Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is usually a commonly encountered infection which has attracted the attention of media in recent years due to the advancement in the field of vaccine development and changes in recommendations for screening of cancer [1, 2]
Three commercially available prophylactic vaccines show sufficient efficacy; attempts to develop next-generation vaccines that are inexpensive, effective, stable, and that show broad crossneutralizing immunity are in progress
Recombinant vaccine immunogens based on transgenic plants are an attractive and potentially affordable alternative to vaccines by injection
Summary
Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is usually a commonly encountered infection (transient) which has attracted the attention of media in recent years due to the advancement in the field of vaccine development and changes in recommendations for screening of cancer [1, 2]. The phase II FAWCETT trial (NCT02399813) is assessing the safety of ADXS11-001 in patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinomas of the anal canal (SCCA) and will be testing for protection against cervical, oropharyngeal, and anal cancers [111] Another bacteria-based vaccine expressing the viral E7 protein has been designed utilizing Lactobacillus casei as a vector. DNA vaccines offer several other benefits such as having inherent adjuvant properties that are lacking in a traditional peptide or attenuated-virus vaccines, and they are highly effective in treating HPV infections In this category, ZYC-101 (developed at Eisai, formerly MGI Pharma and previously known as Zycos Inc.), the precursor of amolimogene bepiplasmid, which was evaluated in phase I clinical trial, is based on a bacterial plasmid (BIOTOPE). Enzymatically-active ranpirnase with liquid, gel, ointment, or serum as vehicle with no interference with enzymatic activity and to be applied externally
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