Advances in asthma and allergic disease genetics: Is bigger always better?

Abstract

This review focuses on genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of asthma and allergic diseases published between January 1, 2018, and June 30, 2019. During this time period, there were 38 GWASs reported in 19 articles, including the largest performed to date for many of these conditions. Overall, we learned that childhood-onset asthma is associated with the most independent loci compared with other defined groups of asthma and allergic disease cases; adult-onset asthma and moderate-to-severe asthma are associated with fewer genes, which are largely a subset of those associated with childhood-onset asthma. There is significant genetic overlap between asthma and allergic diseases, particularly with respect to childhood-onset asthma, which involves genes that reflect the importance of barrier function biology, and to HLA region genes, which are the most frequently associated genes overall in both groups of diseases. Although the largest GWASs in African American and Latino/Hispanic populations were reported during this period, they are still significantly underpowered compared with studies reported in populations of European ancestry, highlighting the need for larger studies, particularly in patients with childhood-onset asthma and allergic diseases, in these important populations that carry the greatest burden of disease.