Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a food-borne pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis in people of all ages worldwide. However, no approved vaccines and antiviral drugs are available at present. Therefore, the development of accurate and rapid detection technologies is important in controlling the outbreak of HuNoVs. This paper reviewed the research progress on HuNoV detection, including immunological methods, molecular detection and biosensor technology. Immunological methods and molecular detection technologies are still widely used for HuNoV detection. Furthermore, biosensors will become an emerging developmental direction for the rapid detection of HuNoVs because of their high sensitivity, low cost, easy operation and suitability for onsite detection.
Highlights
Technology of Human Norovirus.Norovirus (NoV) is a single-stranded sense nonenveloped RNA virus, which belongs to the Caliciviridae family
In the early days, the clinical diagnosis methods for Human norovirus (HuNoV) primorphological methods based on HuNoV particles, immunological methods based on marily included electron microscopy (EM) and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) [27,28]
One is based on isothermal amplification, including reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), nuclear acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA); the other was based on thermal cycling and amplification, including reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), in situ capture-RT-qPCR
Summary
It is usually transmitted through faecal–oral routes, aerosols, contaminated water and food, or direct human-to-human contact [13,14]. The high stability of virions against normal disinfection methods in these samples cause numerous food-borne HuNoV infections [18,19,20,21]. It is usuallydetection transmitted through faecal–oral routes, culture modes in vitro and in small animal models. Dycke et al reported normal disinfection methodsmodels in these samples cause numerous food-borne replication in zebrafish larvae. The most important detection technologies for HuNoVs. goals for the development of HuNoV detection methods are high safety, good sensitivity, strong specificity, quickness and simplicity.
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