Advances and Challenges in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stands as a pressing global health concern. It is the predominant form of liver cancer and ranks among the leading causes of cancer-related death globally. Hepatitis B virus infection and hepatitis C infection remain the primary risk factors for the development of HCC. However, recently other factors such as cirrhosis due to chronic alcohol intake and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis have been becoming an increasingly common risk factor. The advancement and refinement of diagnostic methods play a crucial role in early diagnosis and surveillance, especially in high-risk populations. Patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma face a challenging prognosis, despite advancements in surgical techniques and other therapeutic interventions. This underscores the importance of sustained attention to this issue. Continuous research into systemic therapies and refining diagnostic strategies is imperative to address the dynamic landscape of HCC. Efforts to reduce risk factors, coupled with improved surveillance, may contribute to a decline in HCC incidence in the future. This comprehensive review delves into current research on HCC, focusing on risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.