Abstract
<p indent="0mm">Biomedical research highly relies on animal models and human cell lines, but these models poorly recapitulate the human organ development, disease progression and drug response. Thus it is very challenging to translate the basic biomedical research into clinics. Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) mini-organ structures that grow in a 3D matrix and recapitulate the structural and functional aspects of real organs. In this review, we discussed the methods of generating liver organoids from adult stem cells and pluripotent stem cells in the order of complexity of liver organoids, and their applications in disease modeling, drug response, drug toxicity and regenerative medicine.
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