Advancements in peptide-based therapeutics: Design, synthesis and clinical applications

Abstract

Peptide-based therapeutics have emerged as a dynamic and versatile class of drugs with profound implications for modern medicine. This comprehensive review encompasses the key advancements in peptide design strategies, synthesis techniques, delivery systems, and clinical applications. Rational design approaches, including structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and molecular modeling have revolutionized peptide design, enabling precise targeting and therapeutic optimization. Advances in peptide synthesis techniques, such as solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and native chemical ligation (NCL), have improved production efficiency and scalability. Peptide delivery systems, including nanoparticles, liposomes, polymers and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), offer enhanced bioavailability and targeted drug delivery. In clinical applications, peptide-based therapeutics span endocrine disorders, antimicrobial therapy, cancer treatment, immunomodulation, neurological disorders and cardiovascular diseases, demonstrating their wide-ranging impact on healthcare. Challenges in regulatory approval, immunogenicity, and toxicity are addressed, with an emphasis on personalized medicine and emerging modalities. Case studies highlight successful peptide-based drugs on the market, ongoing clinical trials, and real-world patient outcomes. In conclusion, this review underscores the potential of peptide-based therapeutics to revolutionize personalized and precision medicine, shaping the future of healthcare with tailored solutions to complex medical challenges.