Abstract
Advancements in line protection provide effective protection in power systems with diverse combinations of renewable and conventional generation. These technological advancements improve grid resiliency when the power system experiences reduced fault current levels and abnormal current waveforms, which are common in networks with inverter-based resources (IBRs) such as photovoltaic, wind, and battery energy sources. The technologies described in this article include advanced line current differential protection, communications channels for protection applications, high-accuracy traveling-wave (TW) fault locating, and digital secondary systems (DSSs), also known as digital substations. This article describes the fundamental principles of these technologies.
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