Abstract

Advances in modern life sciences have primarily focused on cellular research because of the “Cell Theory” (Schleiden and Schwann 1838), which defines the cell as the basic unit of all organisms. Since cells are the common structural unit of a variety of organisms including animals and plants, it was hypothesized that complex life phenomena of multicellular organisms could be understood by studying individual cells. Molecular-level research began in 1953, when the double helix structure of DNA—the genetic material that transmits cellular characteristics to the next generation—was elucidated by Watson and Crick. Subsequently, advances in the understanding of the functions and mechanisms of cells were made rapidly.

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