Advancements in detecting porcine-derived proteins and DNA for enhancing food integrity: Taxonomy, challenges, and future directions

Abstract

In the global food processing industry, accidental contamination of pork components is widespread, and this occurrence raises concerns about the integrity of health-conscious vegan products, the potential health risks associated with allergenic reactions, and the intricate legal complexities surrounding fraudulent labeling practices. Such practices involve misrepresenting food labels and the deceptive substitution of non-porcine ingredients with pork counterparts. This review aims to thoroughly assess methods for detecting proteins derived from pork and innovative biosensor technologies designed for identifying porcine DNA in food products. It delves into the prevalent problem of detecting porcine DNA in food products within the international food processing sector. It provides a comprehensive overview and analysis of various techniques for detecting pork-based proteins. These techniques encompass electrophoresis, immunoassay, chromatography, and spectroscopy, meticulously examining their applicability and relevance. Additionally, it explores the potential of cutting-edge biosensor technologies in identifying porcine DNA in food products, demonstrating a commitment to remaining at the forefront of scientific innovation. Various biosensors, including electrochemical, optical, luminescence, and colorimetric, are scrutinized for their potential impact on the industry. Significantly, this review goes beyond merely listing methods and technologies. It takes the extra step of critically evaluating the strengths and limitations of each approach, providing a well-rounded perspective. Finally, future trends in detection technologies related to pork derivatives are discussed. Incorporating micro/nanofiber and artificial intelligence into biosensors can enhance their sensitivity, accuracy, and capacity to detect and identify pork proteins in food. Consequently, it offers valuable insights into the current status of porcine species identification and the promising developments in this field.