Advancements in benzotriazole derivatives: from synthesis to pharmacological applications

Abstract

Benzotriazole derivatives have emerged as significant compounds in medicinal chemistry due to their diverse pharmacological activities and unique structural properties. This review discusses the various synthetic strategies employed to develop these derivatives, including solvent-free techniques for N-alkylation and the synthesis of N-acyl benzotriazoles. Characterization methods such as infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirm the successful formation of metal-benzotriazole complexes. The pharmacological profiles of benzotriazole derivatives reveal their potential as antimicrobial agents, particularly against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, some derivatives exhibit potent antiprotozoal activity against Acanthamoeba castellanii, as well as analgesic effects that surpass those of standard drugs. Antioxidant studies highlight superior free radical scavenging abilities in certain benzotriazole-substituted compounds, while anti-inflammatory derivatives demonstrate activity comparable to common anti-inflammatory medications. Furthermore, significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger positions these compounds as promising alternatives in addressing prevalent health challenges. The findings underscore the importance of benzotriazole derivatives in drug discovery and their potential in combating issues such as antibiotic resistance and oxidative stress.