Advancements, Applications, and prospects of Metal-Organic frameworks and their derivatives as distinct sorbents in exhaustive and non-exhaustive extraction strategies

Abstract

Solid phase extraction (SPE) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) are widely used sample preparation techniques that selectively extract target analytes from complex sample matrices using sorbents. The choice of sorbent is crucial for determining extraction selectivity and efficiency. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising sorbents due to their unique structure and tunable properties. MOFs possess a high surface area and tailored porosity, enabling efficient adsorption and retention of various analytes. This comprehensive review thoroughly investigates the applications of MOFs and their derivatives in extraction or microextraction methods. The advantages and limitations of each method are examined, providing insights into scenarios where MOFs outperform other sorbents. The review explores the incorporation of MOFs into existing extraction techniques, with a particular focus on coating techniques for SPME fibers with MOFs. Various coating methods are evaluated for their effectiveness in real applications. Besides, methods of preparation of appropriate devices for each microextraction technique such as SPME, HF-SPME, and In tube-SPME were discussed. The review also explores the benefits of MOF functionalization and its impact on the extraction process. Functionalization involves modifying the surface of MOFs to introduce additional selectivity and improve their affinity for specific analytes. Different functionalization strategies are discussed, highlighting their potential for enhancing extraction efficiency. Also, MOF hybrid materials including MOF-on-MOF are addressed to increase the sorbent ability. Despite the advantages of MOFs as sorbents, certain limitations need to be addressed. These include stability issues, limited choices of suitable MOFs for extraction, and challenges in regenerating the sorbents for reuse. The review proposes strategies to overcome these limitations, such as developing more stable MOF structures, exploring new MOF materials, and optimizing regeneration techniques.