Abstract
With the abuse and misuse of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance has become a challenging issue in the medical system. Iatrogenic and non-iatrogenic infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens pose serious threats to global human life and health because the efficacy of traditional antibiotics has been greatly reduced and the resulting socio-economic burden has increased. It is important to find and develop non-antibiotic-dependent antibacterial strategies because the development of new antibiotics can hardly keep pace with the emergence of resistant bacteria. Gallium (III) is a multi-target antibacterial agent that has an excellent antibacterial activity, especially against MDR pathogens; thus, a gallium (III)-based treatment is expected to become a new antibacterial strategy. However, some limitations of gallium ions as antimicrobials still exist, including low bioavailability and explosive release. In recent years, with the development of nanomaterials and clathrates, the progress of manufacturing technology, and the emergence of synergistic antibacterial strategies, the antibacterial activities of gallium have greatly improved, and the scope of application in medical systems has expanded. This review summarizes the advancement of current optimization for these key factors. This review will enrich the knowledge about the efficiency and mechanism of various gallium-based antibacterial agents and provide strategies for the improvement of the antibacterial activity of gallium-based compounds.
Highlights
The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria has greatly reduced the therapeutic effect of traditional antibiotics, posing a great challenge to the global medical systems and requiring the research and development of novel non-antibiotic-dependent antibacterial strategies (Roope et al, 2019) to combat drug resistance
Iron is an essential nutrient for the survival and proliferation of both bacteria and cells; it is a universal cofactor of oxidoreductases that participates in a variety of critical metabolic pathways in vivo, such as DNA synthesis, electron transfer, and anti-oxidative stress (Andrews et al, 2003)
Further elucidation of the mechanism of gallium acquisition will provide the basis for targeted antibacterial therapy; simultaneously, the constant research on mesoporous materials, bioceramics, hydrogels, bacterial microenvironment-responsive materials, and coating technologies could provide new options for the modification and loading of gallium-based antibacterial agents to realize the sustained and controllable release of gallium (III) and greatly improve the antibacterial effect of this element
Summary
The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria has greatly reduced the therapeutic effect of traditional antibiotics, posing a great challenge to the global medical systems and requiring the research and development of novel non-antibiotic-dependent antibacterial strategies (Roope et al, 2019) to combat drug resistance. Ga-doped magnesium alloys eutectic gallium–indium alloys bioglasses doped with gallium gallium-doped zinc borate bioactive glass phosphate glass, hydroxyapatite, PCL and hydrogel, collagen, poly (4-hydroxybutyrate), silk fibroin, Ca titanate gallium (Ga)–strontium (Sr) layered double hydroxides gallium (Ga)–zinc (Zn) layered double hydroxides ciprofloxacin, colistin, meropenem, and tobramycin tetracycline poly (ethylene glycol)-desferrioxamine/gallium (PEG-DG) conjugates a xenosiderophore-conjugated cationic random copolymer long-lasting release of Ga (III) and strong antibacterial effects on multidrug-resistant S. aureus for at least 3 days effective in the treatment of osteomyelitis time-increasing bactericidal effects against Gram-positive bacteria sustained release of gallium ions and timeincreasing bactericidal effects sustained and controlled release of gallium for at least 28 days sustained release of gallium ions and play an excellent bactericidal effect against common pathogens, such as E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa, both in vivo and in vitro sustained release of Ga ions and timeincreasing bactericidal effects sustained release of Ga ions and timeincreasing bactericidal effects restored the bactericidal effect of traditional antibiotics and reversed the drug resistance of resistant bacteria improved antibacterial activity of gallium nitrate both in vitro and in vivo Increase bacterial susceptibility to vancomycin 0.31 of FICI for P. aeruginosa. A gallium-chitosan complex ciprofloxacin-functionalized desferrichrome metal ions gallium-substituted hemoglobin combined with Ag nanoparticles gallium-porphyrin, gallium-substituted hemoglobin, phthalocyanine, indocyanine green (ICG), hollow titanium dioxide nanotubes and gallium ions nitrates and gallium ions graphene foam and gallium ions improved antibacterial activity than that of single chitosan improved antibacterial activity than that of ciprofloxacin alone silver ions, zinc ions, Cd, Se, and Ga had good synergistic effects improved antibacterial activity improved antibacterial activity induce antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions improved antibacterial activity
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