Abstract
Presence of contaminants, one Heavy metals and the other, radioactive substances has been a significant matter of concern throughout the world especially in some developing countries like India, Indonesia, Serbia, China, Uganda and Kenya. Even a minute concentration of these metals tends to cause toxicity in living organisms. Metallic ions like Cr (VI), As (V and III), Cd (II), Pb (II), Hg (II) and Cu (II) is accountable for several health disorders in personage such as hepatic dysfunction, impaired renal function, gastric carcinoma and cutaneous melanoma, presenile dementia et cetera. Consequently, the assessment of concentration of these ions is a requisite and further shape the structure of this review paper. Hence, the primary aim of this review literature is to assess and discuss the technologies used for the detection and quantification of heavy metals and also endeavours to shed light on the current state of detection methodologies. In this regard, consistent detection techniques and sensory devices have been developed and concurrently improved to synchronize with the presence of newer emerging substances resulting from modernization in industrialization. The scope of this analysis extends to a comprehensive exploration of both conventional and cutting-edge detection techniques and sensory apparatuses, aiming to provide insights into their effectiveness and potential for improvement. Additionally, the review will assess the applicability of these methods in various settings, considering factors such as LOD, accessibility, and accuracy. While traditional lab-based spectroscopic methods like Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, and SARS are commonly used for heavy metal ion sensing and quantification, innovative sensor devices such as quantum dots sensors, bio-chemical sensors, and nanotechnology-based identification probes are increasingly being developed to improve detection capabilities.
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