Abstract
Follicular development in the mammalian ovary is a complex process which is potentially regulated by an orchestrated action of the pituitary gonadotropins, e.g., follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and local ovarian factors, such as peptide growth factors and steroids. Along with hormonal activation it is necessary to have tight coordination of expression of genes during follicular development. This review highlights the structure and function of ovary, follicle and follicular development. This review also confirms the temporal and spatial expression of the specific genes and miRNAs and their involvement in different modulators, the synthesis of active factors, their interactions, and the dynamics of their receptors on the follicular cell surface may be the ultimate determinants of cellular events which are crucial to coordinated growth and differentiation of follicular cells leading to folliculogenesis and ovulation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v1i1.22355 Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.1(1): 47-60, Dec 2014
Highlights
The ovaries produce a single dominant follicle that results in a single ovulation each estrus cycle
Using in vitro approach we demonstrated that these exosomes are taken up by the surrounding granulosa cells which increase the level of endogenous miRNA level and subsequent alteration of mRNA levels in follicular cells (Sohel et al, 2013)
Sma-and Mad-related protein 4 (SMAD4) is the central mediator of the transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway and is closely related to mammalian reproductive ability and the development of ovarian follicles. Liu and his colleagues found that the porcine SMAD4 protein was expressed at high levels in granulosa cells (GCs) and oocytes from primary, preantral, and antral follicles, and only slightly expressed in theca cells; its expression level was downregulated in apoptotic ovarian GCs, suggesting that SMAD4 may be involved in ovary development and selection (Liu et al, 2014)
Summary
The ovaries produce a single dominant follicle that results in a single ovulation each estrus cycle. There are at least six distinct histologic components in the mature follicle, including the theca externa, theca interna, basal lamina, granulosa cells, oocyte, and follicular fluid (O’Shea, 1981).
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