Abstract
The need for an advanced and even far reaching phosphorus removal at municipal WWTPs may soon get stipulations in relation to a reuse of phosphorus (P). This paper discusses the possible ways to remove phosphorous from municipal wastewater. This is already an established demand in many countries. However, as P is a limited raw material, this need for a reuse of P will become an example of what now is labelled “cyclic economy”. For instance, a national demand from the German state is already put in force. In this perspective the advanced filtration techniques will play an interesting role, and most possibly a crucial role. Examples are presented from several municipal WWTPs already in operation with a final polishing treatment step based on chemical precipitation and separation of phosphorus. Typical stable discharge P levels are found at these plants at levels < 0.05 to 0.10 ppm. The new demands on phosphorus recovery will also call for modified process concepts for the WWTP; for instance, a refined biological phosphorus removal (EBP) attains more attention and he needed very low discharge levels of P, where the enhanced P-removal will include different smart filtration techniques.
Highlights
For especially industrialized countries the water environment and the concerns of uncontrolled eutrophication have been found as growing concerns for almost a century
Examples are presented from several municipal WWTPs already in operation with a final polishing treatment step based on chemical precipitation and separation of phosphorus
The new demands on phosphorus recovery will call for modified process concepts for the WWTP; for instance, a refined biological phosphorus removal (EBP) attains more attention and he needed very low discharge levels of P, where the enhanced P-removal will include different smart filtration techniques
Summary
For especially industrialized countries the water environment and the concerns of uncontrolled eutrophication have been found as growing concerns for almost a century. This in turn may start a build-up of multi-resistant bacteria; A requirement of the mono-incineration of municipal sludge; An extraction of phosphate of sludge from the ashes from the mono incineration for plants serving more than 50,000 inhabitants
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